How long can trichomoniasis be dormant in a woman? Did he cheat and give me trichimoniasis? Some people with symptoms of trich get them within 5 to 28 days after being infected, but others do not develop symptoms until much later. You should also get regular STD testing, and consult with your doctor about any reproductive health concerns or symptoms. In men, the infection is most commonly found inside the penis (urethra). Your doctor or nurse will give you medicine. Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates. Ask them if you should get tested for trich or other STDs. Accessed Feb. 9, 2022. It spreads during unprotected anal, oral, or vaginal sex, usually between a man and a woman or between two women. If you receive and complete treatment for trich, you can still get it again. Trichomoniasis. WebThe estimated infection rate is higher in women than men, which is about 16:10 in ratio. Trich can also infect your urethra (the tube you pee out of). Please call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room if you are experiencing a medical emergency. How can you get trichomoniasis if no one cheats? The OWH helpline is a resource line. Donations are tax-deductible to the fullest extent allowable under the law. If you have been totally faithful, you may assume that your partner acquired the infection while being unfaithful. The information provided herein does not constitute an expert or medical advice, nor intended to replace such advice. Millions of people get trich every year. X. How Can You Get Trichomoniasis If Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Trichomoniasis increases the risk that other STIs, including HIV, will be spread from person to person. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 3.7 million people in the United States contract trich. information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with mango milk shake is thick and creamy in texture with the flavour of king of fruits - mango. Itchy genitals are a common occurance after sex and is usually easily treated. Sexually transmitted infections treatment guideline, 2021: Trichomoniasis. Vaginitis is when your vulva or vagina is irritated. If youre in a monogamous relationship and receive a diagnosis for trichomoniasis, its understandable if you suspect that your partner has been intimate with someone else. Even if you've had treatment that gets rid of trichomoniasis, it's possible to get it again if you're exposed to someone with the infection. In women, it can infect the: If youre in a committed relationship and your partner suddenly develops an STI, your mind probably immediately jumps to infidelity. Non-sexual transmission of. Jump to Your Week of Pregnancy i hope that there are still studies being conducted regarding transmission, contraction, and treatment as well as where it can live and for how long. Two Trichomonas vaginalis parasites, magnified (seen under a microscope). The bottom line People can have trichomoniasis for months without showing any symptoms. Between our trained sexual health educators or chat bot, we can answer your questions about your sexual health whenever you have them. Asked by: Ismael Fay. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Trich is often passed during vaginal sex. Merck Manual Professional Version. Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. If youre meeting up to have sex, its normal and responsible to talk your partner(s) about STI status. Trichomoniasis: Is it always sexually transmitted? They aren't 100 percent effective at preventing STIs or STDs. Many doctors dont test patients annually for STIs. If youre concerned, tell your doctor about your symptoms and request STI testing. The CDC recommends screening for trichomoniasis in women at increased risk for infection, including those with new or multiple sexual partners or a history of sexually transmitted infections, Vo says. See also How Can You Get Trichomoniasis if No One Cheats? Nowadays, there are tons of at-home STD test kits. This can happen if you have sex without a condom with a person who has trich. This means that trichomoniasis can be transmitted through sex without a barrier method, vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Trichomonas is a parasite, not bacteria or virus. Your healthcare provider will ask questions about your sexual history. Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. is a registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit under EIN 13-1644147. But, an extensive literature search showed that nonsexual transmission of trichomonas can occur through fomites like towels and toilet seats and from swimming pools. Your information is private and anonymous. They can only be spread sexually. Trichomoniasis is an STI caused by aparasite. Reinfection occurs in about 1 in 5 people within 3 months after receiving treatment. And despite the fact that more research is needed, there is some evidence to suggest that some forms of non-sexual transmission are also possible. Symptoms of vaginitis caused by trich include: Green, yellow, gray, frothy, and/or bad-smelling vaginal discharge. Please don't check this box if you are a human. OK, but how do you even contract trichomoniasis? What are the risks of Saving Lives, Protecting People, Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021, American Sexual Health Association (ASHA), National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. What percentage of people with trichomoniasis have no symptoms? Trichomoniasis is caused by tiny parasites that are too small to be seen. Trichomoniasis (or trich) is a very common STD caused by infection with Trichomonas vaginalis (a protozoan parasite). Keep in mind that a man doesnt have to ejaculate to give his partner the parasite. In women, this includes the outer part of the genitals (vulva), vagina, opening of the uterus (cervix) and the urinary opening (urethra). Its common for the symptoms to come and go, but that doesnt mean the infection went away. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. These most commonly include, metronidazole (Flagyl) and tinidazole (Tindamax). If your partner is not treated, they may give the infection back to you or infect someone else. Theres nothing to be ashamed of when it comes to STI testing. It's spread when semen (cum) , pre-cum, and vaginal fluids get on or inside your penis, vulva, or vagina. Call the OWH HELPLINE: Tell your healthcare provider if you know or think you are pregnant. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. About 29 percent of adult women in the United States have bacterial vaginosis (BV). Either partner may have gotten it in a previous relationship and unknowingly passed it on. Its also spread by vulva-to-vulva contact, sharing sex toys, and touching your own or your partners genitals if you have infected fluids on your hand. Treatment of trichomoniasis requires an oral antibiotic that is effective against infections caused by this parasite. For more information about trichomoniasis, call the OWH Helpline at 1-800-994-9662 or contact the following organizations: A federal government website managed by the Office on Women's Health in the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. It probably depends on factors like a persons age and overall health. X. health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health Get Your LetsGetChecked Discount for Trichomoniasis Test Today! You can help prevent trich by using condoms every time you have sex. People of all genders can contract trichomoniasis from heterosexual sex, but transmission between men during homosexual sex is much lower . 9 a.m. 6 p.m. Even without symptoms, you or your partner can still spread the infection. Drinking alcohol during and for a few days after treatment can cause severe nausea and vomiting. Trichomoniasis is caused by a one-celled protozoan, a type of tiny parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. Trichomoniasis is caused by a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis that can live in semen or vaginal fluids. This will help determine the cause of your symptoms. In most cases, it's not cause for concern. MMWR Recomm Rep 2021; 70(No. Trichomoniasis: Is it always sexually transmitted? When signs and symptoms develop, they are different for men and women. Its advised to finish your entire antibiotic prescription even if symptoms disappear. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Fortunately, trichomoniasis can be easily treated with a single dose of metronidazole. Itching and irritation in and around your vagina. We take your privacy seriously. Can You Get Trich Without Cheating The bottom line. Many women have no symptoms. Without treatment, the infection can last for months or even years. Other infections can feel like trich, so the only way to know for sure whats going on is to see a nurse or doctor. After youve contracted trich, symptoms can start to show their ugly faces anywhere between 5 and 28 days. You can have without knowing it. Tell your sex partners that you have trichomoniasis. https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/trichomoniasis. It's spread when semen, pre-cum, or vaginal fluids from someone carrying the parasite get on the penis, vulva, or vagina of a person who isn't carrying it. In very rare cases, it can spread through sharing personal items, such as towels. Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection, meaning that you can only get it if you partake in sexual activity with an infected partner. For one thing, men rarely have symptoms. If you are in monogamous bliss and your partner tests positive for trichomoniasis, your mind may justifiably jump to infidelity. People with trichomoniasis often have these STIs, too. Do not have unprotected sex (including oral sex). Before the appointment, you might prepare a list that includes: For women, your doctor will perform a pelvic exam and may take a sample of your vaginal fluids for testing. Always wear a latex condom during sex to prevent trichomoniasis and other STIs. 1-800-994-9662 If you do test positive for trichomoniasis, you might also be tested for chlamydia or gonorrhea. You can get tested for trich and other STDs at your nurse or doctors office, a community health clinic, or your local Planned Parenthood health center. It exerts some estrogenic effects on the body as it contains phytoestrogen compounds, and can be used for treatment or delay of menopause in women. About 75 percent of women have tried to treat BV with home. journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0016310, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4553853/, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702717/, We Put Together Text Templates for That STI Convo. In can also be spread by sharing sex toys. Trichomoniasis is caused by a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis that can live in semen or vaginal fluids. Pregnant women with trichomoniasis also have a higher risk of preterm labor and having a baby with low birth weight.Get tested at home with LetsGetChecked testing kits: Fortunately, trichomoniasis is very easy to treat. If your partner gave it to you, theyll also need treatment to avoid reinfecting you. 2023 Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc. We couldn't access your location, please search for a location. If only 30 percent of people with trichomoniasis have symptoms, that means that 70 percent of folks with trichomoniasis have no symptoms. A healthcare provider can treat the infection with medication (pills) taken by mouth. If young children and teenagers get trichomoniasis, it may be a sign of sexual abuse. Last medically reviewed on July 30, 2018. Untreated, trichomoniasis infection can last for months to years. Limit the number of sexual partners you have to decrease your risk for another infection. It's quite another to learn you have an STI while you're in a monogamous relationship. And you need to avoid sex until the treatment is done and the symptoms have gone away. Trichomoniasis (sometimes called trich for short) is one of the most common and curable STIs. See additional information. 2006 Oct 17;145(8):564-72. In men, the parasite usually infects the urethra inside the penis. Despite how common this infection is, it has been estimated that only around 30 percent of people who have it show any symptoms. Accessed Feb. 9, 2022. You can take the antibiotic metronidazole if you are breastfeeding. Because this sexually transmitted infection can remain completely asymptomatic or have very mild symptoms for a long time, you could suddenly experience symptoms or receive a positive trichomoniasis test even if the infection isnt recent. A man can give a woman trichomoniasis, and vice versa. So, how can you get trichomoniasis is no one cheats in a relationship? In women, trichomoniasis can cause a foul-smelling vaginal discharge, genital itching and painful urination. If the test doesn't show the parasite, but your provider thinks you may have trichomoniasis, other tests may be done. Looking to level up your sex life? Either partner may have gotten it in a previous relationship and unknowingly passed it on. If youre diagnosed with trichomoniasis (AKA trich, for short), anyone youve been having sex with should be treated as well so that you dont pass it back and forth. You may need the following: You will need to take antibiotic medicine to kill the parasite, even if you have no symptoms. A retest two weeks to three months after treatment can check to be sure the infection is gone and that you haven't been reinfected. If you are HIV-positive, having trichomoniasis also raises your risk of passing HIV to your sex partner(s). Learn the symptoms, home remedies, clinical, Breath play or erotic choking is an activity that involves restricting breathing during sex. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Trichomoniasis is an STI caused by a parasite. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on Your health care provider may also look at a sample of vaginal fluid for women or a swab from inside the penis (urethra) for men under a microscope. People with vaginas might also mistake trichomoniasis for something else, like a yeast infection or a UTI. Here's how to boost their efficacy. In: KK Holmes, PF Sparling, WE Stamm, P Piot, JN Wasserheit, L Corey, MS Cohen, DH Watts (editors). Read more to find out about getting tested and to see Healthlines picks for the best options. Accessed Feb. 9, 2022. This means you can get trichomoniasis from someone who has no Alternatively, consider using the STD facts brochuresor ordering materials through CDC-INFO on Demand (please note: stock is limited). Believe it or not, its possible to develop new symptoms of trichomoniasis even if no one has cheated in your relationship. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Although most cases are treated with a single dose, your doctor could recommend a lower dose that should be taken twice a day for seven straight days. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that women with HIV get screened for trichomoniasis at least once a year.3. The risk for African-American women goes up with age and lifetime number of sex partners.2. Breathless in the Bedroom: The Risks and Rewards of Breath Play. Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (sti) that is spread by having sex with an infected partner. Having a game plan is key. Still, theres always a (very) slim chance that you or your partner developed it from something nonsexual, such as: Keep in mind that there are very few reported cases of trichomoniasis being spread through these means, but it is possible. This content does not have an Arabic version. Available for Android and iOS devices. Many people with trich dont have any symptoms, but they can still spread the infection to others. To find out whether you have trichomoniasis, your doctor or nurse may: APap testisnotused to detect trichomoniasis. Page last updated: Homepage FAQ How can you get trichomoniasis if no one cheats? You should receive testing again about three months after your treatment, even if your sex partner(s) received treatment. 2023 Healthline Media LLC. Antibiotics and Birth Control Pill Interactions: Fact or Fallacy? Vaginal, oral, or anal sex. A man does not need to ejaculate (come) for trichomoniasis to spread. Trichomoniasis: fact sheet. Test for Trichomoniasis in a Lab Near You. - public health. How to treat trichomoniasis methods 1 taking a prescription medication 2 following up with your doctor 3 preventing another infection other sections expert q&a tips and warnings related articles references medically reviewed by erik kramer, do, mph last updated: september 15, 2022 references. According to the CDC, trichomoniasis is the most common curable STI in the United States. When men do have signs and symptoms, however, they might include: See your health care provider if you have any symptoms of trichomoniasis or if you become aware that a sexual partner has the infection. how it spreads. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Trichomoniasis can also be transmitted by sharing sex toys, so clean those dildos after every use. Trich can be obtained from public laundromats, gym towels, or even trying on swimsuits. The two most prevalent STIs are chlamydia and gonorrhea. If you or your partner start experiencing trich symptoms, you both need to get tested for STIs. people in the United States have it. In women, trichomoniasis can cause: In men, trichomoniasis can cause: The symptoms tend to show up anywhere from 5 to 28 days after youve been exposed to the parasite. Trichomoniasis is spread through sexual contact. So, how can you get trichomoniasis is no one cheats in a relationship? In very rare A false-positive Trichomonas vaginalis result due to Trichomonas tenax presence in clinical specimens may reveal a possible T. Certain parasites such as pubic lice (crabs) or trichomoniasis can be transmitted by coming into contact with articles of clothing, bed sheets, dirty towels etc. If they do, trichomoniasis symptoms in women may include: itching/swelling in and around your vagina. And although its extremely rare, trichomoniasis can also be spread through other means. According to Medscape, there could be more than 220 million cases of trichomoniasis worldwide. You can have trichomoniasis (AKA trich) for months or even years without knowing. Trichomoniasis is an STI that affects all sexes and genders. It's important to bear this in mind; realize that even if you're a virgin or in a monogamous relationship, you can still get trich! Symptoms can come and go. According to the NHS, symptoms of trichomoniasis in men can include: Pain during urination or ejaculation Increased urinary frequency and urgency Thin, milky white penile discharge Soreness, swelling, and pain on the foreskin or around the head of the penis Testicular pain (less common) Lower abdominal pain (less common) trich is more common in women compared to men, but anyone whos sexually active is at risk. It is possible to get infected with trichomoniasis without sex. The OWH helpline does not provide medical advice. High incidence of new sexually transmitted infections in the year following a sexually transmitted infection: a case for rescreening. Trich can easily infect the vulva, vagina, penis, and urethra, but it usually doesnt infect other body parts (like the mouth or anus). Cruciti T. (2011). If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. DOI: Trichomoniasis symptoms and treatment. WebHow Can You Get Trichomoniasis If No One Cheats Youre in a committed, monogamous relationship. Trichomoniasis called trich for short is an STD thats cured with antibiotics. You should abstain completely from alcohol while you take metronidazole and at least for 3 days after finishing the treatment course. Use a new condom after each ejaculation. However, symptoms may develop over time. Heres what you need to know to take charge of your health in the minutes, weeks, and months after condomless sex. Prevalence, incidence, natural history, and response to treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among adolescent women. Donations are tax-deductible to the fullest extent allowable under the law. Pregnant people with trich are more likely to have their babies early. Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. you'll also learn what to do if you think you might have trichomoniasis. other information we have about you. Pain during sex. Pregnant women with trichomoniasis are at higher risk of premature birth (babies born before 37 weeks of pregnancy) or a low-birth-weight baby (less than 5 1/2 pounds). While it can definitely be fun, it can also be very, Bleeding after a fingering session is common. Other symptoms of trich include pain and burning when you pee, the urge to pee a lot, discharge from your urethra, and itching and irritation inside your penis. Trichomoniasis: fact sheet. Accessed Feb. 9, 2022. People with trich can pass the infection to others, even if they do not have symptoms. To lower your risk of getting trichomoniasis, its also very important to use a condom whenever you have sex, especially when its a new partner. While it is possible to get infected with trichomoniasis without getting sexual, it is rare. Most of the trich infection cases are through sexual experiences; however, it may be before you and your partner began your relationship. [Expert Review]. Older women are more likely than younger women to have the infection. In very rare cases, it can spread through sharing personal items, such as towels. we'll go over how trichomoniasis is spread and tell you what it may mean if your partner contracts it while you're in a relationship. 2. period. Trich is often passed during vaginal sex. people get trich from. Genital touching. All rights reserved. If we combine this information with your protected Although rare, it is possible to get trichomoniasis even if no one cheats. Use a new condom after each ejaculation. Yes. If you have symptoms, they usually appear 5 to 28 days after you were exposed. Does it live up to it? Tosh PK (expert opinion). Your family doctor, gynecologist or a medical practitioner at an urgent care center can diagnose and prescribe treatment for trichomoniasis. Trichomoniasis can also be passed between women who have sex with women. If you do get symptoms, they might appear five to 28 days after exposure and can include: If you think you may have trichomoniasis, you and your sex partner(s) need to see a doctor or nurse as soon as possible. This usually takes about a week after finishing the last antibiotic dose. Others do not develop symptoms until much later. Yes, There Are Some STIs and STDs That Condoms Dont Always Prevent, Everything You Need to Know About At-Home STD and STI Tests, itching, burning, and redness in and around the vagina, swelling and redness around the head of the penis. The infective trophozoite are present in the vagina or orifice of the penis. There is a problem with So the only way to find out for sure if you have it is to get tested. Your health care provider will typically retest you for trichomoniasis after treatment. A research review showed that 40 to 49-year-old women are more likely to contract the infection than their younger counterparts. https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/trichomoniasis. A trichomoniasis infection can be dangerous for a pregnant woman. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Here's how to figure out what type of test you need, which products to consider, and when to see a doctor in person. WebIf you have trichomoniasis, you are more likely to contract HIV if you are exposedso getting tested and treated is important. Pregnant women who have trichomoniasis might be at higher risk of delivering their babies prematurely. About 7 out of 10 people with trich have no signs of the infection at all. Kreisel KM, Spicknall IH, Gargano JW, Lewis FM, Lewis RM, Markowitz LE, Roberts H, Satcher Johnson A, Song R, St. Cyr SB, Weston EJ, Torrone EA, Weinstock HS. The study postulated that this happened as a result of shared bath water and inconsistent soap use. If youre pregnant, youre more likely to give birth prematurely, and your baby is more likely to be underweight. Infection is more common in women than in men. While trichomoniasis is usually passed sexually, it may be picked up from contact with damp or moist objects such as towels, wet clothing, or a toilet seat, if the genital area gets in contact with these damp or moist objects. Go back to your health care provider if this happens or if you still have symptoms after you finish your treatment. How does someone get trich? Sexy in Bed: 20 Ways to Unleash Your Sexiest Self, Looking For a Bigger O? Don't drink alcohol for 24 hours after taking metronidazole, 48 hours after taking secnidazole or 72 hours after taking tinidazole. How can u get trichomoniasis if no one is cheating. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008, 771-793. Sometimes the symptoms of trich are so mild that you dont even notice them, or you think its a different infection (like a yeast infection or a UTI). information submitted for this request. All rights reserved. You'll soon start receiving the latest Mayo Clinic health information you requested in your inbox. If left untreated, trichomoniasis can raise your risk of getting HIV. Do not have sex until both you and your partner have taken all of your medicine, and your symptoms are gone. You can add this content to your website by syndicating. https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm. it is important to not have sex (even with a. he had no symptoms at all. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. How can i get trichomoniasis if no one cheats? https://www.cdc.gov/std/trichomonas/stdfact-trichomoniasis.htm. Please enter a valid 5-digit zip code or city or state. Symbiomix Therapeutics; 2021. https://www.solosec.com/. However, only about 30% develop any symptoms of trich. Antibiotic Shortages: A Serious Safety Concern. Trichomoniasis. Swelling around your genitals. Sobel JD, et al. trich is caused by a really tiny parasite called a trichomona (you can't see it with the naked eye) . If you do have sex, lower your risk of getting an STI with the following steps: The steps work best when used together. Although the most common transmission mechanism of this disease is through unprotected December 30, 2022, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome/Opioid Withdrawal in Infants, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP), CDC, HHS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, HHS, Sexually transmitted infections fact sheet, Sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy, and breastfeeding, 2015 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines; Diseases Characterized by Vaginal Discharge; Trichomoniasis, National Women and Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day. Your health care provider may also look at a sample of Heres what you need to know. Last updated on May 1, 2023. A racial criterion is significant in cases of infections: black women by 13.3%, Hispanic women by 1.8%, and white women by 1.3% in the US. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Trichomoniasis(TRIK-uh-muh-NEYE-uh-suhss)or "trich" is asexually transmitted infection (STI)caused by aparasite. They often fall under the BDSM category, but not always. CDC twenty four seven. If youre getting tested for trichomoniasis, its a good idea to also get tested for chlamydia or gonorrhea. vaginal discharge, which can be yellow or Always wear a latex condom during sex to prevent trichomoniasis and other STIs. https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/trichomoniasis.htm. If you are sexually active, have an honest and open talk with your healthcare provider. Make your tax-deductible gift and be a part of the cutting-edge research and care that's changing medicine. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/trichomoniasis. The parasite passes between people during genital contact, including vaginal, oral or anal sex. It is possible to get trichomoniasis, or any other STI, if you are a woman who has sex only with women. Blood in your vaginal discharge. How do you get trichomoniasis? WebThe only way to get rid of trichomoniasis is to get treated with medicine. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. However, more research is needed for its effect on erectile dysfunction treatment. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/sexually-transmitted-diseases-stds/trichomoniasis. The good news is trich is easily cured with medicine. Symptoms can come and go, and without treatment, the infection can last for months or even years. Trichomoniasis can also be passed between women who have sex with women. To avoid reinfection, your sex partners should receive treatment at the same time. Peterman TA, Tian LH, Metcalf CA, Satterwhite CL, Malotte CK, DeAugustine N, Paul SM, Cross H, Rietmeijer CA, Douglas JM Jr; RESPECT-2 Study Group.